  -2022
..  

[   (. 1707-1947)|
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 1757 .           
2. 1857    , ,        
-
3.      
  ?   ,   
  
4.         
-
5. 1885  1905      ,     

6.              ?
-
7. 1909  -        '  
8.         ?       
  -2022
..  

[   (. 1707-1947)|
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 1757 .           
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆   (1757 .):     
        
 -  , ,  
   
-           
   '  ()            
              
                  ,
 23  1757    -           
󷇮󷇭:     
1757  ,   ,    -     
      1707           
     ,            
  ,   , ,       
         --,   
 , 1756     ,        
              
   
          -   
  
        ,      
    ,    ,        
 ', --       

󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  
           -       
-          
1.󹳎󹳏      
         ,  18
   , 
            ,   
             ""
      ,    -      
    ,        
--,       ,   
  
            
2.󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛  
      ,       
     --        
      ,         
    
3.󹲎󹲏󹲐󹲑  
 1756 , --            
               
  ,           
 "    "    
           -   , 
         
4.󹿶󹿷󹿸󹿹󹿺󹿻󹿼󹿽󹿾󹿿󺀍󺀎󺀀󺀁󺀂󺀃󺀄󺀅󺀆󺀇󺀏󺀐󺀈󺀑󺀒󺀉󺀓󺀊󺀋󺀌      
    ,             
       ,        
  ,         --   
 
                
           
5.    
  ,               
            '  
   , --  ,      
,     
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶  –23 , 1757
    ,      150   
     --     50,000  ,  
,              
 ,    3,000   -      
  ',           
 
󷉧󷉨󷉬󷉩󷉪󷉫   
23    ,             ,  
 -  ,  ,   -    ' 
   , 
          ,   ,    
      
 ,  
          
  
    
    ,     ,  
        
,       
        
󽁗
          ,   
                
                 
                
    
     
󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸖󷸕    
       
;        
            
1.󼰃󼰂 
  ,           
             
,   
       
             
       '    ,    ,  
  '              
2.󹳎󹳏 
  ,             
   ,          ,   
-   
                 
    ,     -  ,   
  
3.󽁌󽁍󽁎 
    ,             
                
                
     
4.󷇲󷇱   
             
          ,      (1760)
         (1764)     
     
              
5.󹱣󹱤   
               
,     '      ,    
,               
     
,        
󼩏󼩐󼩑   
        
 :      
        
 
   ;   
 
                
        ,       
  
󷆹󷆴󷆽󷆺󷆻󷆼
      
 -         
            ,  - 
     ,      ,  
        
 
--         ,      
      
         
              - 
          ,      
  
2. 1857    , ,       

:󷇲󷇱1857  :   
19
          ,     
 ,    ,      -   -   ,
  ,    -      -  
          -    ,  1857 , 
   
1857   
,   ,      '   
        , ,       -
      
,              
 - 
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌 :     
 ,  ,         1800   , 
            -    
         
  :    
        '
 ,           
,  
            
      ,        
    ,      ,    
    '   
  
      ?
   :      -   ,
      ,    1856  "" 
           ,     

 -     , ,       
         
     :  ,    
           ,  
     ""        

 ,           
 ,   ',    '  
   -  ,
               
   
󹳎󹳏 :    
       ,          
 : ,         ,   
            -   , 
            ,  
     
  :    ,      
             
       -      -
  
 ,           
  :      
     , 
      ,       
    ,        '    
           
   :    ',    
()    ,    ,   
         ',      

  ',               
     ,   ,    
󹼸󹼹󹼺󹼻   :    
    ,      -   
  :    -      
          ,  
( )     -   
 ,           

   :   ,       
           
 - 
 ,         
 :         
   ,   ,       
      -    
  : 
       
              , 
 ;  ,          :
"      "
 ,     ',        ' 
  
󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶 :    
 (    )            
        
  :          
    '    
    
  ,         
   : 1856        
'             
           
 :   ,  '      
,               
 ,              
1857             
  :  ,   
 -     ,
   ,            
   
;    
 ,  1857       
󹻦󹻧 
1857 ,    -  ,  ,  , 
  -              
10  1857 ,      ,    , 
   
      ,      
  
 ,            - ,
, , ,    
     
;      ,       
  
󷘧󷘨   
    :
   ,     ,        
   ,    ,       
  
   ,          
 ,          
   ,      ,  
       
    -  ,    ,       
󽆪󽆫󽆬:    
1857       
      ,
 ,           
  ,              

 
      ,         
,    ,           
  ,    
    , -,   - '
   ,  
-
3.      
  ?   ,  
   
:18
       ,      ,
   -       1757    
  1764              
               
 ,               
    ?            
    ?           

  -       
,     
 
1793          ,    ,
              
  -        ,     
 ,            ,
               
, --  
    
      ,  
    
    :
"



,






,



,














,




"
   '         
   
 -              -   
         
        ' ,    ,    
   
     , 1793       
  
          :
1.   :   
    ( 

   )       ,   

  
2.    :   , 
   '
             
 ,

     ;       
3.  :
    '   ,    
         "" ,   
  
4.     :
     () 
             
   ,      
5.     
:    ()  
 
 
            
      
6.  :  ,       ,  
                 
 ,   
        -   
  ,    ,       
   
     ,          
        
:
1.    :           
               
               
  
2.    :    
   
      
       , 
      ,        
   
3.      :
    ,  
 
            

           ,   '
     
4.   :        

            
     
5.     :
        
             

 ,   ,          , 
    
   
,   
      
   , 
     ,          
  :
1.   :
 
       ,
             
    
         
        
2.    :      
   
  
   
       
        ,     

3. 
    :  
    
    -       -    
         ,   
      ,      
 
4.   :        
, ,        ' 
     
      
  
5.    :        
     ,        
     ,      
    
6.   : 
      
,              
      
 ,               ,
      
         
            
 - 
     ,      :
           , " 
 $1,000 ,            "
    ,   
 ,   

             
 ,   
   $1,000          
      
        
   ,  
    ,   
     
:    
    ,        
,          , 
  
  ,          ,
       ,     ,  
     
 ,             -  
             
  
 :          
         
       
;  ,      
       ,    ,   , 
        -     
      
4.         
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :      
 
     19
       ,  

        ,      
  ;  ,    -  ,  ,  
          ,   , 
        : "  "
      ,        
   ,          
 ,  --  -    ,    
     , ,       

󷊆󷊇   
1.     :   
1824              
  
 ,            -   
   
               
        : "  , ,
      ?"
          '      , 
     ,        
     :        ,   , 
,            
    
2.    
1875 ,  ,     '     
      : ""    ,  "" 
        
     
   : "           
 "
       
   ,     ,
          
󷇮󷇭   
    
        
 -  
     -      :
1.    
  :    ,       
     ,   ,    
      
  :    ,  ,   
 '  
:           

           
               
 - 
,      
2.  
              
   :          ' 
  ,  ' 
         
    
  :      ,  -  
                ,
    
   : -, -     
'     
 :          () 
            
 -   
      
  
,         
3.  
             ,    
   :     - ()  
         - 

  :          , 
    ,      ,   
 :          
,          
 ,           
 
4.  
      
,      ' 
   
 :     ,     
        

 :   ,        
        
   : -,     '   
  '     
 ,             
5.  
  :           
    
    :       
,  ,          
  :           
      (  )    

            
 
󷘧󷘨   
     '      :
    ,         , 
          
    ,       
  ,  
         
           ,   
  
   ,      
 -     
󽆪󽆫󽆬:    
               
  '                -
      ,   ,  , 
  ,    
      
  , , ,    
-      ,  
 1857         ,      
   - -   ,   ,    
 
-
5. 1885  1905      ,     

:        
;  ,    
      1885  1905     (INC)  
   - ,          
   ,  19
     ,    
      ,  -    
 
  '           
    
    1885            
,    ,   -  ,     
           
;   , 
             
      ,       
INC           ,   
              
             
           28 ,
1885 ,        ( )  ,   72
           -    
      
    
              
         1885-1905  INC     
    :
1.  :        
 ,         ,   
       ,      
      
2.    :        
         ,   
          
3.  :         
       ,      
   
4.  :           -
       ,    ,   -
     
5.  :  , INC        
'             -
   
    
INC      ?   ,  ,    ' 
'  :
1.    :     -    
    ,    '      
            
            
2.   :  ,    , 
         
            
 
3.     : INC       '
    
,       
           
     ,       

4.   :       ,   '
       
        
    -      
     (1885–1905)
    ,       '  
          :
1.  :           
             
             
   

2.   :          
, 1892             
       ,     
    
3. -   :INC  - ,     
 ,        , 
           ' 
    
4.  :   ,       
            "
"              
           
5.    :        
   ""    ,  
            
        
6.     
: INC      
,   1905        - 
     , -  ,    
 ,          
 '  
    
           
 
               -
       ,   ,      
   ,          , 
          ,   
            
    (1905)
1905 ,              
          ,   
         ,    
,     ,       
      ""      ,  
             


1885  1905           
        
   ,      
 ,            INC  
  ,      ,      ,
            , 
      
        
 , 1885  1905   INC          
      ,        
            
 ,              
  ,      -   
 -     ,    
6.              ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :   "
"   
       
 -        
        1920         : 
     ,      ,    ,
          ,    ,  
 
           : "
 
  
 
     "
   (1920-22)    -       ,
  ,          
  
 ,            
󷇮󷇭      
1.      
   (1914-18)              
   - ,           , 
         
  :        ,     
     - 
:    ,         ,
   ,      
         
2.   (1919): " "
1919 ,      ,        
             
   
   "  " 
           , 
    
     ,    '   ,  
       
 
              
   

3.    (1919):  
13  1919 ,  ,          
           
      
  ,    
              

               
   ,         ,   
   

  -     
4. -  (1919):  ,   
    , 1919       ,   -
  (       ) 
        
,             
    ,      
5.   (1919-24):   
 ,              
          ,    
      
  (    )       
    :       ,   
      
 -      
 
6.       
1920 ,              
   '    
,       
     : " 
     ,   
      "
 , 1920      
󽁗 :    
       
       
   :
    :   ""  " "   

   :         

    :      
        
   : ..       
   
   :        (  
)  
  :          
     
     - , ,  ,      
  ,    -     
;  
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
   1920  1922    ,      
     :
1.   
  ,    -      , 
 - , ,  -           
   
2. - 
           '  
      ,       
3.    
       -        

              
       
4.   
 ,        ,   ,
          
   -   
,
    "
" 
5.    
               
  -   ,   ,  ,  
6.     
            
 -    
7.    
 1922     (        
 )        ,     
   :        ,  
          

󷘧󷘨   
  :
    ,        
   
    ,           

   ,         
 
      ,     - 
         -            
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬:   
      
;      
      
,      
    
  1922     ,        
 -  ,   -    1947    

   ,     " "       ,
  -            
""    ,       
 
-
7. 1909  -        '  
:  20
            
     ,             
   ,          1909 ,  
     '      , 
             
-      ,        
 -    ,            
1909  -      ,     1909   
,  
:    
1900    ,         (INC) 
             
   ,          ,  
    -        : 
    '   ,       ""
        
1906 ,            ,   
                 
              
    ,           
   
      , 1909  - 
  
:    
            :
1.    
   "-"  1909  ,    , 
     ,        -    '
        ,   
    -
     
             
  ,         
 ,       60  ,  
 ( )  - ()    
  ',     ,      

              -  
()        
2.     
     -   -        
  
    :
    ,   
 
 ,          
       
         ""      
 ,      ,       
   
      :  ,  
;  ,     
3.     
     '        ,    
       
  ,       ;    
  
  ,    ,       
    
     
            
           ,   
  
4.     ( )
 ,    '          
  
  '         
         '   
  ; 
     
              ' 
               
    
5.     
    '    ,    
          
       , -   
     
   ,   ,     ,  
    
        " "     
  
  
 ?
-        ,     
          
  :
1.   : ,      
    '    ,       
          

2.     :     ,  
         
   
    
3.   : ,     
             
    ,         
  
: -  
     ,          

?   :
1.   :         , 
         '  
  ,
             
2.     :   ,     
 ,           
           "   "  
,        
3.       :    , -
  ,       '    
     -     
4.   :    ,   
          ,   
    
  : -   
-               
        -          
        
         
      ,     
   
             -
    
  ,             
      ,        
    
     
       ()       
()             
 
  :
" , 
       "
"
    '    ,     "
"         ' ,    
     "
  ',            , 
         -     
:   ,   
 , 1909  -    -       , 
             ,   
,      '       , 
             
  
         ,   
 ,         ,   1919  -
           
 , -         , , 
            
8.         ?      

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :      "   "
   ,    
       ,    
           
   ,  
1942   ,       
    :        ,     
,              
       ,           ,
      ,     :
" !"
    
         
 
       
   ,     
       
󷇮󷇭    
1.     
1939 ,      ,       
      
     ,         

,         
     -   ,  , ,  
  
 ,   :           
 
  ,           ?
2.     (1942)
1942 ,          :  
,    (    -)  
               
    
      ,  "     '  
 " 
             

3.   
1940   ,          
 -   
     
  (1920-22)     (1930-34)   
    
  ,        
,      
4.      
 ,         1942 ,    () '
         '    
            
               
 
        :      
5.     "  "  
   ',    " "   
8  1942 ,     ,    : "
  
       ; 
   
 
 
"
      -       
     - 
󽁗 :  
  9  1942  ,       
           -
   
     ,       
   ,  '      ,   
  ,       
  ',        ,  
   '  
      
 -     ,  

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
        ,      
 
          '    
  
1.   
           
   - , , ,  -   
 ,         
,    

            

2.     
      ,    ,    

       
 ,       ,   
(),  (),   () 
              -     
   
3.   
          
  ,  100,000      
 '   ,     
        ,       
4.        
      ,       
  ,           

          
     
    
       
5.  
        
          
  
      '     '   
     
             
   
     
6.    
          
       

              
1942  ,          
  
     
󷘧󷘨   
     
    :
     ,       ,    
      
          ,     
          
         
 ,   
    
 
           - 
,         
       
         
󽆪󽆫󽆬:   
1942        
 -         
  ,     ,   ' : "    


, 
 
, 
 
    "
    ,           
   , 1947 ,    
       :    ,    , 
              

     ,          
  ,  "  "         
"               

       ,         "